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Prehistory
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The period before written records.
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All flashcards in this deck
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Neolithic Revolution
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Shift from hunting and gathering to farming and settled life.
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Mesopotamia
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Region between the Tigris and Euphrates often called the cradle of civilization.
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Code of Hammurabi
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One of the earliest written legal codes.
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Ancient Egypt political center
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Rule by pharaohs along the Nile River.
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Indus Valley Civilization
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Early South Asian civilization known for planned cities.
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Mandate of Heaven
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Chinese concept that rulers govern with divine approval.
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Classical Greece legacy
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Democracy, philosophy, and major advances in arts and science.
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Roman Republic to Empire
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Rome shifted from elected governance to imperial rule.
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Pax Romana
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A long period of relative peace in the Roman Empire.
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Byzantine Empire
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Eastern continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople.
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Silk Roads
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Trade networks linking East Asia, Central Asia, and Europe.
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Spread of Buddhism
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Expanded from India across Asia through trade and missionaries.
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Rise of Islam
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Began in 7th century Arabia and expanded through religion and state building.
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Mansa Musa
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Mali ruler known for wealth and support of education and trade.
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Feudalism
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Medieval system based on landholding, loyalty, and military service.
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Crusades
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Religious military campaigns between Christian and Muslim powers.
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Black Death impact
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Major population decline and social and economic change in Afro Eurasia.
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Renaissance
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Revival of learning, humanism, and arts in Europe.
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Printing press significance
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Accelerated spread of ideas and literacy.
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Protestant Reformation
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Religious movement challenging Catholic Church authority.
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Columbian Exchange
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Transfer of crops, animals, people, and diseases between hemispheres.
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Atlantic slave trade
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Forced migration of millions of Africans across the Atlantic.
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Scientific Revolution
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New methods of inquiry transformed understanding of nature.
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Enlightenment
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Movement emphasizing reason, rights, and social contracts.
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Industrial Revolution
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Mechanized production and factory growth transformed economies.
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Imperialism
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Expansion of state control over other regions and peoples.
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Meiji Restoration
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Japan rapidly modernized political and economic systems in the late 1800s.
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World War I trigger
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Nationalism, alliances, militarism, imperial rivalry, and a political assassination.
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Treaty of Versailles
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Peace settlement after World War I that imposed penalties on Germany.
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Russian Revolution
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Overthrew the tsarist regime and led to Soviet rule.
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Great Depression global effect
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Worldwide economic contraction and social instability.
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World War II outcome
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Allied victory and major geopolitical realignment.
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United Nations purpose
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Promote international cooperation and collective security.
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Cold War
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Global political and ideological rivalry between the U.S. and Soviet Union.
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Decolonization
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Postwar independence movements in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East.
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Non Aligned Movement
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States seeking independence from Cold War power blocs.
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Globalization
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Increasing worldwide integration of trade, culture, and communication.
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Primary source
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A firsthand historical document or artifact.
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Periodization in history
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Dividing time into meaningful eras to analyze change over time.